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    <meta name="description" content="最近看《从一到无穷大》，对里面的闵氏时空图很感兴趣，恰好里面有去天狼星的例子，因此想用时空图画画看。为简化问题，这里取天狼星到地球的距离为9光年，实际约为8.6光年。同时为了便于画图，纵轴时间轴以年×光速为单位，横轴空间轴以光年为单位。使用 geogebra 进行绘图。 出发前的时空图  如图1所示，线段g（CAD）表示飞船，A点为质心。直线f表示天狼星B的世界线。射线h（AE）表示A的光锥。射线">
  
  
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            <h1 id="seo-header">【迁移】时空图：以天狼星单程旅行为例</h1>
            
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                    Last updated on March 19, 2024 pm
                  
                
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                <p>最近看《从一到无穷大》，对里面的闵氏时空图很感兴趣，恰好里面有去天狼星的例子，因此想用时空图画画看。为简化问题，这里取天狼星到地球的距离为9光年，实际约为8.6光年。同时为了便于画图，纵轴时间轴以年×光速为单位，横轴空间轴以光年为单位。使用 <a href="https://hexo.limour.top/go/#aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ2VvZ2VicmEub3JnL2NhbGN1bGF0b3I=" rel="noopener external nofollow noreferrer">geogebra</a> 进行绘图。</p>
<h2 id="出发前的时空图">出发前的时空图</h2>
<p><img src="https://img.limour.top/2023/08/30/64ef0e979b29f.webp" srcset="https://jscdn.limour.top/gh/Limour-dev/Sakurairo_Vision/load_svg/inload.svg" lazyload alt="图1 出发前的时空图"><br>
如图1所示，线段g（CAD）表示飞船，A点为质心。直线f表示天狼星B的世界线。射线h（AE）表示A的光锥。射线i（AF）表示飞船的将来的世界线，其速度为 tanα=0.9 倍光速。</p>
<h2 id="出发后的时空图">出发后的时空图</h2>
<p><img src="https://img.limour.top/2023/08/30/64ef0e5f5bd5a.webp" srcset="https://jscdn.limour.top/gh/Limour-dev/Sakurairo_Vision/load_svg/inload.svg" lazyload alt="图2 出发后的时空图"><br>
如图2所示，为了便于绘图，减小了α。直线AF与直线AL构成了以飞船为参考系的新时空坐标系。</p>
<ul>
<li>x’为0的直线AF为新的纵轴，t’为0的直线AL为新的横轴，两者关于AE轴对称</li>
<li>AB在新坐标系的几何位置为（AL，AK），物理位置为（ALβ，AKβ）</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://img.limour.top/2023/08/30/64ef0eab0820b.webp" srcset="https://jscdn.limour.top/gh/Limour-dev/Sakurairo_Vision/load_svg/inload.svg" lazyload alt="图3 一些计算过程"></p>
<h2 id="一些有趣的发现">一些有趣的发现</h2>
<ol>
<li>AB的时空距离原来为 9，现在AB’的时空距离依然为 9，即 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>9</mn><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mi>i</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>20.6</mn><msup><mn>5</mn><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>18.58</mn><mi>i</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">9^2 + (0i)^2 = 20.65^2 + (-18.58i)^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8974em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">9</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0641em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8974em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">20.6</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">5</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0641em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord">18.58</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li>AF、AL上的单位对应的几何长度均变为原来的 1/β，即 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>F</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mi>β</mi><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mi>t</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>F</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mspace width="1em"/><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>L</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mi>β</mi><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>B</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lvert\overrightarrow{AF}\rvert\beta = t&#x27;_{ \overrightarrow{AF&#x27;}} \quad \lvert\overrightarrow{AL}\rvert\beta = x&#x27;_{ \overrightarrow{AB&#x27;}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.4553em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">∣</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.6833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
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-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.8461em;vertical-align:-0.6407em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-2.203em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord accent mtight"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6828em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.0714em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.3833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="hide-tail mtight" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2067em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6407em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:1em;"></span><span class="mopen">∣</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mord mathnormal">L</span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.6833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.3926em;vertical-align:-0.6407em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-2.203em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord accent mtight"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6828em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.0714em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.3833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="hide-tail mtight" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2067em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6407em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li>对于出发的飞船上的人来说，旅行只花了 4.36 年，小于 10 年，即 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>t</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>F</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mn>4.36</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>t</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>F</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t&#x27;_{ \overrightarrow{AF&#x27;}} = 4.36 \lt 10 = t_{ \overrightarrow{AF}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.3926em;vertical-align:-0.6407em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-2.203em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord accent mtight"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6828em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.0714em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.3833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="hide-tail mtight" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2067em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6407em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6835em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">4.36</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">10</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.114em;vertical-align:-0.4989em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3448em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord accent mtight"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.3833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="hide-tail mtight" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4989em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li>对于出发的飞船上的人来说，天狼星距离为 3.92 光年，小于9光年，B’点的天狼星是 18.58 年前的幻影，现在的天狼星是M’点的天狼星，即 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>M</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>α</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>β</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3.92</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x&#x27;_{ \overrightarrow{AM&#x27;}} = (\frac{ \lvert\overrightarrow{AB}\rvert}{cos\alpha})\beta = 3.92 \lt 9 = x_{ \overrightarrow{AB}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.3926em;vertical-align:-0.6407em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-2.203em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord accent mtight"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6828em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.0714em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.3833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="hide-tail mtight" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2067em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6407em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.6737em;vertical-align:-0.345em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3287em;"><span style="top:-2.655em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">cos</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.485em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mopen mtight">∣</span><span class="mord accent mtight"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.3833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="hide-tail mtight" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose mtight">∣</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6835em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">3.92</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9295em;vertical-align:-0.4989em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3448em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord accent mtight"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.3833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="hide-tail mtight" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4989em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li>对于出发的飞船上的人来说，天狼星靠近的速度 v = 3.92/4.36 = 0.9 倍光速，与外界观察飞船飞行的速度一致</li>
<li>飞船感知外界的空间长度 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>9</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_{\overrightarrow{AB}} = 9</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9295em;vertical-align:-0.4989em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3448em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord accent mtight"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.3833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="hide-tail mtight" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4989em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">9</span></span></span></span> 变成了空间长度 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>B</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>L</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mi>β</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>20.65</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x&#x27;_{\overrightarrow{AB&#x27;}} = \lvert\overrightarrow{AL}\rvert\beta = 20.65</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.3926em;vertical-align:-0.6407em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-2.203em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord accent mtight"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6828em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.0714em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.3833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="hide-tail mtight" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2067em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6407em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.4553em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">∣</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mord mathnormal">L</span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.6833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">20.65</span></span></span></span>，变长了γ倍，外界尺子变长了</li>
<li>飞船感知外界的时间长度 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>F</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t_{\overrightarrow{AF}} = 10</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.114em;vertical-align:-0.4989em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3448em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord accent mtight"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.3833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="hide-tail mtight" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.4989em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">10</span></span></span></span> 变成了时间长度 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>t</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>F</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>F</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mi>β</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4.36</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t&#x27;_{ \overrightarrow{AF&#x27;}} = \lvert\overrightarrow{AF}\rvert\beta = 4.36</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.3926em;vertical-align:-0.6407em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-2.203em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord accent mtight"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-2.7em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6828em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.0714em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.3833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="hide-tail mtight" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2067em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.8437em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6407em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.4553em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">∣</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.6833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">4.36</span></span></span></span>，缩短为1/γ，外界时间变快了</li>
<li>飞船认为外界“尺长钟快”，因此外界认为飞船上“尺缩钟慢”</li>
<li>根据四维时空距离不变性，可以轻松计算飞船感知的旅程时间耗费，飞船参考系下的AF’的时空长度与外界参考系下AF的时空长度一致，即 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>F</mi><mo mathvariant="normal" lspace="0em" rspace="0em">′</mo></msup></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>F</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">→</mo></mover><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mi>β</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>B</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>i</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>F</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(i\lvert\overrightarrow{AF&#x27;}\rvert)^2 = (i\lvert\overrightarrow{AF}\rvert\beta)^2=AB^2+(iBF)^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.4553em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mopen">∣</span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6779em;"><span style="top:-2.989em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.6833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='0.522em' viewBox='0 0 400000 522' preserveAspectRatio='xMaxYMin slice'><path d='M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128
-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
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-16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20
 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7
 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85
-40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5
-12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67
 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z'/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8974em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0641em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">BF</span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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