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- <p>01.道可道也,非恒道也。名可名也,非恒名也。无名万物之始也,有名万物之母也。故:恒无欲也,以观其眇;恒有欲也,以观其徼。两者同出,异名同谓。玄之又玄,众妙之门。</p>
- <p>02.天下皆知美之为美,恶矣,皆知善之为善,斯不善矣。有无之相生也,难易之相成也,长短之相形也,高下之相盈也,音声之相和也,先后之相随也。是以圣人居无为之事,行不言之教。万物作而弗始也,为而弗恃也,成功而弗居也,夫唯弗居,是以弗去。</p>
- <p>03.不上贤,使民不争。不贵难得之货,使民不为盗。不见可欲,使民不乱。是以圣人之治也,虚其心,实其腹,弱其志,强其骨,恒使民无知无欲也。使夫知不敢弗为而已,则无不治矣。</p>
- <p>04.道中,而用之又弗盈也,渊呵,似万物之宗。挫其锐,解其纷,和其光,同其尘,湛呵,似或存。吾不知谁之子,象帝之先。</p>
- <p>05.天地不仁,以万物为刍狗。圣人不仁,以百姓为刍狗。天地之间,其犹橐龠舆?虚而不屈,动而愈出。多闻数穷,不若守于中。</p>
- <p>06.谷神不死,是谓玄牝。玄牝之门,是谓天地之根。绵绵呵若存,用之不堇。</p>
- <p>07.天长地久。天地之所以能长且久者,以其不自生也,故能长生。是以圣人后其身而身先,外其身而身存,不以其无私邪,故能成其私。</p>
- <p>08.上善若水。水善利万物而有静,居众人之所恶,故几于道矣。居善地,心善渊,予善天,言善信,政善治,事善能,动善时。夫唯不争,故无尤。</p>
- <p>09.持而盈之,不如其已。揣而锐之,不可长葆之。金玉盈室,莫之守也,富贵而骄,自遗咎也。功遂身退,天之道也。</p>
- <p>10.营魄抱一,能毋离乎?抟气致柔,能婴儿乎?修除玄览,能无疵乎?爱民治国,能毋以为乎?天门启阖,能为雌乎?明白四达,能毋以知乎?生之,畜之,生而弗有,长而弗宰也,是谓玄德。</p>
- <p>11.卅辐同一毂,当其无,有车之用也。埏埴而为器,当其无,有埴器之用也。凿户牖,当其无,有室之用也。故:有之以为利,无之以为用。</p>
- <p>12.五色使人之目盲,五音使人之耳聋,五味使人之口爽,驰骋畋猎使人心发狂,难得之货使人之行妨。是以圣人之治也,为腹而不为目,故去彼而取此。</p>
- <p>13.宠辱若惊,贵大患若身。何谓宠辱若惊?宠之为下也,得之若惊,失之若惊,是谓宠辱若惊。何谓贵大患若身?吾所以有大患者。为吾有身,及吾无身。有何患?故:贵为身以为天下,若可以托天下矣;爱以身以为天下,汝可以寄天下。</p>
- <p>14.视之而弗见,名之曰微。听之而弗,闻名之曰希。搏之而弗得,名之曰夷。三者不可致诘,故混而为一。一者,其上不谬,其下不惚,寻寻呵,不可名也,复归于无物,是谓无状之状,无物之象,是谓沕望。随而不见其后,迎而不见其首。执今之道,以御今之有,以知古始,是谓道纪。</p>
- <p>15.古之善为道者,微妙玄达,深不可识。夫唯不可识,故强为之容,曰:与呵,其若冬涉水;犹呵,其若畏四邻;俨呵,其若客;涣呵,其若冰泽;沌呵,其若朴;湷呵,其若浊;旷呵,其若谷。浊而静之徐清,安以动之徐生,保此道者不欲盈,夫唯不欲盈。故能蔽而不成。</p>
- <p>16.至虚极也,守静督也,万物旁作,吾以观其复也。夫物芸芸,各复归于其根,归根曰静,静是谓复命。复命常也,知常明也。不知常,妄作凶。知常容,容乃公,公乃王,王乃天,天乃道,道乃久,没身不殆。</p>
- <p>17.太上,下知有之,其次亲誉之,其次畏之,其下侮之,信不足,案有不信,猷呵,其贵言也。成功遂事,而百姓谓我自然。</p>
- <p>18.故大道废,案有仁义。知慧出,案有大伪。六亲不和,案有孝慈。邦家昏乱,案有贞臣。</p>
- <p>19.绝圣弃知,民利百倍。绝仁弃义,民复孝慈。绝巧弃利,盗贼无有。此三言也,以为文未足,故令之有所属:见素抱朴,少思寡欲,绝学无忧。</p>
- <p>20.唯与诃,其相去几何?美与恶,其相去何若?人之所畏,亦不可以不畏。恍呵其未央哉。众人熙熙,若享于太牢而春登台。我泊焉未佻,若婴儿之未孩。累呵似无所归,众人皆有余,我独遗,我愚人之心也,惷惷呵。俗人昭昭,我独昏呵,俗人察察,我独闵闵呵,惚呵其若海,恍呵其若无所止。众人皆有以,我独顽以鄙。吾欲独异于人,而贵食母。</p>
- <p>21.孔德之容,唯道是从。道之物,唯恍唯惚,惚呵恍呵,中有象呵,望呵惚呵,中有物呵,幽呵冥呵,中有精呵。其精甚真,其中有信。自古及今,其名不去,以顺众父。吾何以知众父之然?以此。</p>
- <p>22.炊者不立,自视者不彰,自见者不明,自伐者无功,自矜者不长。其在道也,曰:余食赘行,物或恶之,故有欲者弗居。</p>
- <p>23.曲则全,枉则直。洼则盈,敝则新。少则得,多则惑。是以圣人执一,以为天下式。不自视故彰,不自见故明,不自伐故有功,弗矜故能长,夫唯不争,故莫能与之争。古之所谓曲则全者,几虚语哉,诚全归之。</p>
- <p>24.希言自然,飘风不终朝,暴雨不终日,孰为此?天地而弗能久,而况于人乎?故从事于道者同于道,德者同于德,失者同于失。同于德者,道亦德之。同于失者,道亦失之。</p>
- <p>25.有物混成,先天地生,渊呵寥呵,独立而不改,可以为天地母。吾未知其名,字之曰道,强为之名曰大。大曰逝,逝曰远,远曰反。道大,天大,地大,王亦大。国中有四大,而王居一焉。人法地,地法天,天法道,道法自然。</p>
- <p>26.重为轻根,静为躁君,是以君子终日行不离其辎重。虽有阛馆,燕处则昭若。若何万乘之主而以身轻天下?轻则失本,躁则失君。</p>
- <p>27.善行者无辙迹,善言者无瑕谪,善数者不以筹策。善闭者无关楗而不可启也,善结者无绳约而不可解也。是以圣人恒善救人而无弃人,物无弃财,是谓袭明。故:善人,善人之师;不善人,善人之资也。不贵其师,不爱其资,虽知乎,大迷也,是谓眇要。</p>
- <p>28.知其雄,守其雌,为天下溪;为天下溪,恒德不离;恒德不离,复归于婴儿。知其荣,守其辱,为天下谷;为天下谷,恒德乃足;恒德乃足,复归于朴。知其白守其黑,为天下式;为天下式,恒德不忒;恒德不忒,复归于无极。朴散则为器,圣人用之则为官长,夫大制无割。</p>
- <p>29.将欲取天下而为之,吾见其弗得已。夫天下神器也,非可为者也。为者败之,执者失之。物或行或随,或嘘或吹,或强或羸,或培或隳,是以圣人去甚、去大、去奢。</p>
- <p>30.以道佐人主,不以兵强于天下,其事好还。师之所居,楚棘生之,善者果而已矣,毋以取强焉。果而勿骄,果而勿矜,果而勿伐,果而不得已居,是谓果而不强。物壮则老,谓之不道,不道早已。</p>
- <p>31.夫兵者,不祥之器也,物或恶之,故有欲者弗居。君子居则贵左,用兵则贵右,故兵者非君子之器也。兵者不祥之器也,不得已而用之。铦袭为上,勿美也,若美之,是乐杀人也。夫乐杀人,不可以得志于天下矣。是以吉事上左,丧事上右,是以偏将军居左,上将军居右,言以丧礼居之也。杀人众,以悲哀泣之,战胜,以丧礼处之。</p>
- <p>32.道恒无名,朴虽小,而天下弗敢臣,侯王若能守之,万物将自宾,天地相合,以俞甘露,民莫之令而自均焉。始制有名,名亦既有,夫亦将知止,知止所以不殆。俾道之在天下也,犹小谷之于江海也。</p>
- <p>33.知人者智也,自知者明也。胜人者有力也,自胜者强也。知足者富也,强行者有志也。不失其所者久也,死而不忘者寿也。</p>
- <p>34.道泛呵,其可左右也,成功遂事而弗名有也。万物归焉而弗为主,则恒无欲也,可名于小,万物归焉而弗为主,可名于大。是以圣人之能成大也,以其不为大也,故能成大。</p>
- <p>35.执大象,天下往,往而不害,安平泰,乐与饵,过客止。故道之出言也,曰:啖呵其无味也,视之不足见也,听之不足闻也,用之不可既也。</p>
- <p>36.将欲歙之,必固张之。将欲弱之,必固强之。将欲去之,必固兴之。将欲夺之,必固与之。是谓微明:柔弱胜刚强,鱼不脱于渊,邦利器不可以示人。</p>
- <p>37.道恒无名,侯王若能守之,万物将自化。化而欲作,吾将阗之以无名之朴。阗之以无名之朴,夫将不辱。不辱以静,天地将自正。</p>
- <p>38.上德不德是以有德,下德不失德是以无德。上德无为而无以为也,下德为之而有以为,上仁为之而无以为也,上义为之而有以为也,上礼为之而莫之应也则攘臂而扔之。故失道而后德,失德而后仁,失仁而后义,失义而后礼。夫礼者忠信之薄也,而乱之首也,前识者道之华也,而愚之首也,是以大丈夫居其厚而不居其薄,居其实而不居其华,故去彼而取此。</p>
- <p>39.昔之得一者,天得一以清,地得一以宁,神得一以灵,谷得一以盈,万物得一以生,侯王得一以为天下正。其致之也:谓天毋已清将恐裂,谓地毋已宁将恐废,谓神毋已灵将恐歇,谓谷毋已盈将恐竭,谓万物毋已生将恐灭,谓侯王毋已贵以高将恐蹶。故必贵而以贱为本,必高而以下为基,夫是以侯王自谓孤、寡、不谷,此其贱之本舆?非也,故致数,舆无舆。是故不欲,禄禄若玉,珞珞若石。</p>
- <p>40.上士闻道,堇而行之,中士闻道,若存若亡,下士闻道,大笑之,弗笑,不足以为道,是以建言有之曰:明道如费,进道如退,夷道如类。上德如谷,大白如辱,广德如不足,建德如偷。质真如渝,大方无隅,大器免成,大音希声,天象无形,道褒无名,夫唯道善始且善成。</p>
- <p>41.返也者,道之动也;弱也者,道之用也。天下之物生于有,有生于无。</p>
- <p>42.道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物。万物负阴而抱阳,中气以为和。天下之所恶,唯孤、寡、不谷,而王公以自名也,物或损之而益,益之而损,故人之所教兮,议而教人,故强梁者不得死,我将以为学父。</p>
- <p>43.天下之至柔,驰骋于天下之至坚,无有入于无间,吾是以知无为之有益也。不言之教,无为之益,天下希能及之矣。</p>
- <p>44.名与身孰亲?身与货孰多?得与亡孰病?甚爱必大费,多藏必厚亡,故知足不辱,知止不殆,可以长久。</p>
- <p>45.大成若缺,其用不敝。大盈若冲,其用不穷。大直如诎,大巧如拙,大赢如溶。躁胜寒,静胜炅,清静可以为天下正。</p>
- <p>46.天下有道,却走马以粪。天下无道,戎马生于郊。罪莫大于可欲,祸莫大于不知足,咎莫憯于欲得。故知足之足,恒足矣。</p>
- <p>47.不出于户,以知天下。不窥于牖,以知天道。其出也弥远,其知也弥少,是以圣人不行而知,不见而明,弗为而成。</p>
- <p>48.为学者日益,闻道者日损,损之又损,以至于无为。无为而无不为,将欲取天下也恒无事,及其有事也又不足以取天下矣。</p>
- <p>49.圣人恒无心,以百姓之心为心。善者善之,不善者亦善之,德善也。信者信之,不信者亦信之,德信也。圣人之在天下,歙歙焉,为天下浑心,百姓皆属耳目焉,圣人皆孩之。</p>
- <p>50.出生入死,生之徒十有三,死之徒十有三,而人之生动皆之死地之十有三,夫何故也?以其生生也。盖闻善执生者,陵行不遇兕虎,入军不被甲兵。兕无所揣其角,虎无所措其爪,兵无所容其刃,夫何故也?以其无死地焉。</p>
- <p>51.道生之而德畜之,物刑之而器成之,是以万物尊道而贵德,道之尊、德之贵也,夫莫之爵而恒自然也。道,生之、畜之、长之、育之、亭之、毒之、养之、覆之。生而弗有也,为而弗恃也,长而弗宰也,此之谓玄德。</p>
- <p>52.天下有始,以为天下母,既得其母,以知其子,既知其子,复守其母,没身不殆。塞其兑,闭其门,终身不堇。启其兑,济其事,终身不救。见常曰明,守柔曰强。用其光,复归其明,毋遗身殃,是谓袭常。</p>
- <p>53.使我介然有知也,行于大道,唯施是畏。大道甚夷,民甚好解。朝甚除,田甚芜,仓甚虚;服文采,带利剑,厌食而财货有余,是谓盗夸,盗夸非道也。</p>
- <p>54.善建者不拔,善抱者不脱,子孙以祭祀不绝。修之身,其德乃真;修之家,其德有余;修之乡,其德乃长;修之国,其德乃丰;修之于天下,其德乃博。以身观身,以家观家,以乡观乡,以邦观邦,以天下观天下,吾何以知天下然?兹以此。</p>
- <p>55.含德之厚者,比于赤子,蜂虿虺蛇弗蜇,攫鸟猛兽弗搏,骨弱筋柔而握固。未知牝牡之合而朘作,精之至也;终日号而不嚘,和之至也。和曰常,知常曰明,益生曰祥,心使气曰强。物壮则老,谓之不道,不道早亡。</p>
- <p>56.知者弗言,言者弗知。塞其兑,闭其门,和其光,同其尘,挫其锐,解其纷,是谓玄同。故不可得而亲,不可得而疏,不可得而利,亦不可得而害,不可得而贵,亦不可得而贱,故为天下贵。</p>
- <p>57.以正治邦,以奇用兵,以无事取天下。吾何以知其然哉?夫天下多忌讳而民弥贫,人多利器而国家滋昏,民多伎能而奇物滋起,法物滋彰而盗贼多有。是以圣人之言曰:我无为也而民自化,我好静而民自正,我无事而民自富,我欲无欲而民自朴。</p>
- <p>58.其政闵闵,其民屯屯,其正察察,其邦缺缺。祸,福之所倚;福,祸之所伏,孰知其极?其无正也,正复为奇,善复为妖。人之悉也,其日固久矣。是以方而不割,兼而不刺,直而不绁,光而不曜。</p>
- <p>59.治人事天莫若啬,夫唯啬,是以早服。早服是谓重积德,重积德则无不克,无不克则莫知其极,莫知其极可以有国,有国之母可以长久,是谓根深固氐长生久视之道也。</p>
- <p>60.治大国若烹小鲜,以道莅天下。其鬼不神?非其鬼不神也。其神不伤人也?非其神不伤人也,圣人弗伤也。夫两不相伤,故德交归焉。</p>
- <p>61.大邦者,下流也,天下之牝也,天下之交也,牝恒以静胜牡,为其静也。故大邦以下小邦则取小国,小邦以下大邦则取于大邦。故或下以取,或下而取。故:大邦者不过欲兼畜人,小邦者不过欲入事人。夫皆得其欲,则大者宜为下。</p>
- <p>62.道者万物之主也,善人之宝也,不善人之所葆也。美言可以市,尊行可以贺人。人之不善,何弃之有?故:立天子置三卿,虽有拱之璧以先驷马,不若坐进此道。古之所以贵此道者何也?不谓求以得,有罪以免与?故为天下贵。</p>
- <p>63.为无为,事无事,味无味,大小多少,报怨以德。图难乎其易也,为大乎其细也。天下之难作于易,天下之大作于细。是以圣人终不为大,故能成其大。夫轻诺必寡信,多易必多难。是以圣人猷难之,故终于无难。</p>
- <p>64.其安也,易持也。其未兆也,易谋也。其脆也,易判也。其微也,易散也。为之于其未有也,治之于其未乱也。合抱之木作于毫末,九尺之台起于蔂土,百仞之高始于足下,为之者败之,执之者失之。是以圣人无为也,故无败也,无执也,故无失也。民之从事也,恒于几成而败之,慎终若始则无败事矣。是以圣人欲不欲而不贵难得之货,学不学而复众人之所过,能辅万物之自然而弗敢为。</p>
- <p>65.故曰:为道者非以明民也,将以愚之也。民之难治也,以其知也。故以知知邦,邦之贼也;以不知知邦,邦之德也。恒知此两者,亦稽式也。恒知稽式,此谓玄德。玄德深矣远矣,与物反矣,乃至大顺。</p>
- <p>66.江海之所以能为百谷王者,以其善下之也,故能为百谷王。是以圣人之欲上民也,必以其言下之。其欲先民也,必以其身后之。故居前而民弗害也,居上而民弗重也,天下乐推而弗厌也。以其无争,故天下莫能与之争。</p>
- <p>67.小邦寡民:使有什佰之器而毋用,使民重死而远徙。有车舟无所乘之,有甲兵无所陈之,使民复结绳而用之。甘其食,美其服,乐其俗,安其居。邻邦相望,鸡犬相闻,民至老死不相往来。</p>
- <p>68.信言不美,美言不信。知者不博,博者不知。善者不多,多者不善。圣人无积:既以为人,己愈有;既以予人,己愈多。故:天之道,利而不害;人之道,为而弗争。</p>
- <p>69.天下皆谓我大,大而不肖,夫唯肖故能大。若肖久矣,其细也,夫我恒有三宝,持而保之:一曰慈;二曰俭;三曰不敢为天下先。慈故能勇,俭故能广,不敢为天下先故能成事长。今舍其慈且勇,舍其俭且广,舍其后且先,则必死矣。夫慈,以战则胜,以守则固,天将健之如以慈垣之。</p>
- <p>70.善为士者不武,善战者不怒,善胜敌者弗与,善用人者为之下,是谓不争之德,是谓用人,是谓配天,古之极也。</p>
- <p>71.用兵有言曰:吾不敢为主而为客,吾不进寸而退尺。是谓行无行,攘无臂,执无兵,乃无敌矣。祸莫大于无敌,无敌近亡吾,葆矣。故乘兵相若,则哀者胜矣。</p>
- <p>72.吾言甚易知也,甚易行也,而人莫之能知也,而莫之能行也。言有君,事有宗,其唯无知也,是以不我知。知者希,则我贵矣,是以圣人被褐而怀玉。</p>
- <p>73.知不知,尚矣。不知不知,病矣。是以圣人之不病,以其病病也,是以不病。</p>
- <p>74.民之不畏威,则大威将至矣。毋狎其所居,毋厌其所生。夫唯弗厌,是以不厌。是以圣人自知而不自见也,自爱而不自贵也,故去彼取此。</p>
- <p>75.勇于敢者则杀,勇于不敢者则活,此两者或利或害。天之所恶,孰知其故?天之道,不战而善胜,不言而善应,不召而自来,繟然而善谋,天网恢恢,疏而不失。</p>
- <p>76.若民恒且不畏死,奈何以杀惧之也?若民恒且畏死,而为畸者吾将得而杀之,夫孰敢矣?若民恒且必畏死,则恒有司杀者。夫代司杀者杀,是代大匠斫也。夫代大匠斫者,稀有不伤其手矣。</p>
- <p>77.民之饥也,以其上食税之多也,是以饥。百姓之不治也,以其上之有以为也,是以不治。民之轻死也,以其求生之厚也,是以轻死。夫唯无以生为者,是贤贵生。</p>
- <p>78.人之生也柔弱,其死也坚强。万物草木之生也柔脆,其死也枯槁。故曰:坚强者,死之徒也;柔弱微细者,生之徒也。是以兵强则不胜,木强则梗。恒强大居下,柔弱微细居上。</p>
- <p>79.天下之道,犹张弓者也。高者抑之,下者举之,有余者损之,不足者补之。故:天之道,损有余而益不足。人之道则不然,损不足而奉有余。孰能有余而有以取奉于天者乎?唯又道者乎?是以圣人为而不恃,功成而不居也。若此,其不欲见贤也。</p>
- <p>80.天下莫柔弱于水,而攻坚强者莫之能胜也,以其无以易之也。水之胜刚也,弱之胜强也,天下莫弗知也,而莫之能行也。故圣人之言曰:受邦之垢,是谓社稷之主;受邦之不详是为天下之王。正言若反。</p>
- <p>81.和大怨,必有余怨,焉可以为善?是以圣人右介而不以责于人。故有德司介,无德司彻。夫天道无亲,恒与善人。</p>
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