limour
/
occdn.limour.top


			
							123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293294295296297298299300301302303304305306307308309310311312313314315316317318319320321322323324325326327328329330331332333334335336337338339340341342343344345346347348349350351352353354355356357358359360361362363364365366367368369370371372373374375376377378379380381382383384385386387388389390391392393394395396397398399400401402403404405406407408409410411412413414415416417418419420421422423424425426427428429430431432433434435436437438439440441442443444445446447448449450451452453454455456457458459460461462463464465466467468469470471472473474475476477478479480481482483484485486487488489490491492493494495496497498499500501502503504505506507508509510511512513514515516517518519520521522523524525526527528529530531532533534535536537538539540541542543544545546547548549550551552553554555556557558559560561562563564565566567568569570571572573574575576577578579580581582583584585586587588589590591592593594595596597598599600601602603604605606607608609610611612613614615616617618619620621622623624625626627628629630631632633634635636637638639640641642643644645646647648649650651652653654655656657658659660661662663664665666667668669670671672673674675676677678679680681682683684685686687688689
							

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" data-default-color-scheme=auto>


<head><!-- hexo injector head_begin start -->
  <script async src="https://analytics.umami.is/script.js" data-website-id="e59ec28a-c9a7-4104-9e62-a9f7eb3fac0b"></script>
<!-- hexo injector head_begin end -->
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://img.limour.top/2023/08/29/64ee07361815a.webp">
  <link rel="icon" href="https://img.limour.top/2023/08/29/64ee07361815a.webp">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=5.0, shrink-to-fit=no">
  <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
  
  <meta name="theme-color" content="#2f4154">
  <meta name="author" content="Limour">
  <meta name="keywords" content="">
  
    <meta name="description" content="传出神经分植物神经和运动神经，前者支配心肌、平滑肌和腺体等，后者支配骨骼肌。植物神经分交感和副交感(副交感节前纤维常在迷走神经内走行)，交感兴奋时效应器表现为应急时的状态，副交感兴奋时效应器表现为睡眠时的状态。  ACh、AChE相关药拟胆碱药分两类，兴奋受体抑制酶匹罗卡品作用眼，外用治疗青光眼阿托交替芸香碱，防止虹膜晶状粘贝胆碱、腹气胀，兴奋泌尿和胃肠新斯地明抗酯酶，主治重症肌无力术后腹胀尿潴留">
<meta property="og:type" content="article">
<meta property="og:title" content="药理一：传出神经系统药物之胆碱受体">
<meta property="og:url" content="https://occdn.limour.top/2401.html">
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Limour&#39;s Blog">
<meta property="og:description" content="传出神经分植物神经和运动神经，前者支配心肌、平滑肌和腺体等，后者支配骨骼肌。植物神经分交感和副交感(副交感节前纤维常在迷走神经内走行)，交感兴奋时效应器表现为应急时的状态，副交感兴奋时效应器表现为睡眠时的状态。  ACh、AChE相关药拟胆碱药分两类，兴奋受体抑制酶匹罗卡品作用眼，外用治疗青光眼阿托交替芸香碱，防止虹膜晶状粘贝胆碱、腹气胀，兴奋泌尿和胃肠新斯地明抗酯酶，主治重症肌无力术后腹胀尿潴留">
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://img-cdn.limour.top/2022/10/07/633f87b2ec2c3.png">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://img-cdn.limour.top/2022/10/07/633f8a22e5fac.jpg">
<meta property="article:published_time" content="2022-10-07T04:43:09.000Z">
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-09-01T13:28:03.509Z">
<meta property="article:author" content="Limour">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://img-cdn.limour.top/2022/10/07/633f87b2ec2c3.png">
  
  
  <title>药理一：传出神经系统药物之胆碱受体 - Limour&#39;s Blog</title>

  <link  rel="stylesheet" href="https://jscdn.limour.top/npm/bootstrap@4.6.1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" />


  <link  rel="stylesheet" href="https://jscdn.limour.top/npm/github-markdown-css@4.0.0/github-markdown.min.css" />

  <link  rel="stylesheet" href="https://jscdn.limour.top/npm/hint.css@2.7.0/hint.min.css" />

  <link  rel="stylesheet" href="https://lib.baomitu.com/fancybox/3.5.7/jquery.fancybox.min.css" />


<!-- 主题依赖的图标库，不要自行修改 -->
<!-- Do not modify the link that theme dependent icons -->

<link rel="stylesheet" href="//at.alicdn.com/t/font_1749284_hj8rtnfg7um.css">


<link rel="stylesheet" href="//at.alicdn.com/t/font_1736178_lbnruvf0jn.css">


<link  rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css" />


  <link id="highlight-css" rel="stylesheet" href="/css/highlight.css" />
  
    <link id="highlight-css-dark" rel="stylesheet" href="/css/highlight-dark.css" />
  

<link rel="stylesheet" href="/theme-inject/custom.css">


  <script id="fluid-configs">
    var Fluid = window.Fluid || {};
    Fluid.ctx = Object.assign({}, Fluid.ctx)
    var CONFIG = {"hostname":"occdn.limour.top","root":"/","version":"1.9.5-a","typing":{"enable":true,"typeSpeed":70,"cursorChar":"_","loop":false,"scope":[]},"anchorjs":{"enable":true,"element":"h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6","placement":"left","visible":"hover","icon":"§"},"progressbar":{"enable":true,"height_px":3,"color":"#29d","options":{"showSpinner":false,"trickleSpeed":100}},"code_language":{"enable":true,"default":"TEXT"},"copy_btn":true,"image_caption":{"enable":true},"image_zoom":{"enable":true,"img_url_replace":["",""]},"toc":{"enable":true,"placement":"right","headingSelector":"h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6","collapseDepth":0},"lazyload":{"enable":true,"loading_img":"https://jscdn.limour.top/gh/Limour-dev/Sakurairo_Vision/load_svg/inload.svg","onlypost":false,"offset_factor":2},"web_analytics":{"enable":false,"follow_dnt":true,"baidu":null,"google":{"measurement_id":null},"tencent":{"sid":null,"cid":null},"woyaola":null,"cnzz":null,"leancloud":{"app_id":null,"app_key":null,"server_url":null,"path":"window.location.pathname","ignore_local":false}},"search_path":"/local-search.xml","include_content_in_search":true};

    if (CONFIG.web_analytics.follow_dnt) {
      var dntVal = navigator.doNotTrack || window.doNotTrack || navigator.msDoNotTrack;
      Fluid.ctx.dnt = dntVal && (dntVal.startsWith('1') || dntVal.startsWith('yes') || dntVal.startsWith('on'));
    }
  </script>
  <script  src="/js/utils.js" ></script>
  <script  src="/js/color-schema.js" ></script>
  

<meta name="generator" content="Hexo 6.3.0"></head>


<body>
  

  <header>
    

<div class="header-inner" style="height: 70vh;">
  <nav id="navbar" class="navbar fixed-top  navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark scrolling-navbar">
  <div class="container">
    <a class="navbar-brand" href="/">
      <strong>Limour&#39;s Blog</strong>
    </a>

    <button id="navbar-toggler-btn" class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse"
            data-target="#navbarSupportedContent"
            aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
      <div class="animated-icon"><span></span><span></span><span></span></div>
    </button>

    <!-- Collapsible content -->
    <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent">
      <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto text-center">
        
          
            <li class="nav-item">
              <a class="nav-link" href="/">
                <i class="iconfont icon-home-fill"></i>
                <span>Home</span>
              </a>
            </li>
          
        
            <li class="nav-item">
              <a class="nav-link" href="/archives/">
                <i class="iconfont icon-archive-fill"></i>
                <span>Archives</span>
              </a>
            </li>
          
        
          <li class="nav-item" id="search-btn">
            <a class="nav-link" target="_self" href="javascript:;" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modalSearch" aria-label="Search">
              <i class="iconfont icon-search"></i>
            </a>
          </li>
          
        
          <li class="nav-item" id="color-toggle-btn">
            <a class="nav-link" target="_self" href="javascript:;" aria-label="Color Toggle">
              <i class="iconfont icon-dark" id="color-toggle-icon"></i>
            </a>
          </li>
        
      </ul>
    </div>
  </div>
</nav>

  
<div id="banner" class="banner" parallax=true
     style="background: url('https://img.limour.top/2023/08/29/64ee08e108638.webp') no-repeat center center; background-size: cover;">
  <div class="full-bg-img">
    <div class="mask flex-center" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3)">
      <div class="banner-text text-center fade-in-up">
        <div class="h2">
          
            <span id="subtitle" data-typed-text="药理一：传出神经系统药物之胆碱受体"></span>
          
        </div>

        
  <div class="mt-3">
    
    
      <span class="post-meta">
        <i class="iconfont icon-date-fill" aria-hidden="true"></i>
        <time datetime="2022-10-07 12:43" pubdate>
          October 7, 2022 pm
        </time>
      </span>
    
  </div>

  <div class="mt-1">
    
      <span class="post-meta mr-2">
        <i class="iconfont icon-chart"></i>
        
          3.5k words
        
      </span>
    

      <span class="post-meta mr-2">
        <i class="iconfont icon-clock-fill"></i>
        
        
          29 mins
        
      </span>
    

  </div>


      </div>

      
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

</div>

  </header>

  <main>
    
      
<div class="container-fluid nopadding-x">
  <div class="row nomargin-x">
    <div class="side-col d-none d-lg-block col-lg-2">
      

    </div>

    <div class="col-lg-8 nopadding-x-md">
      <div class="container nopadding-x-md" id="board-ctn">
        <div id="board">
          <article class="post-content mx-auto">
            <h1 id="seo-header">药理一：传出神经系统药物之胆碱受体</h1>
            
            
              <div class="markdown-body">
                
                <p>传出神经分植物神经和运动神经，前者支配心肌、平滑肌和腺体等，后者支配骨骼肌。植物神经分交感和副交感(副交感节前纤维常在迷走神经内走行)，交感兴奋时效应器表现为应急时的状态，副交感兴奋时效应器表现为睡眠时的状态。</p>
<p><img src="https://img-cdn.limour.top/2022/10/07/633f87b2ec2c3.png" srcset="https://jscdn.limour.top/gh/Limour-dev/Sakurairo_Vision/load_svg/inload.svg" lazyload></p>
<h2 id="ACh、AChE相关药"><a href="#ACh、AChE相关药" class="headerlink" title="ACh、AChE相关药"></a>ACh、AChE相关药</h2><p>拟胆碱药分两类，兴奋受体抑制酶<br>匹罗卡品作用眼，外用治疗青光眼<br>阿托交替芸香碱，防止虹膜晶状粘<br>贝胆碱、腹气胀，兴奋泌尿和胃肠<br>新斯地明抗酯酶，主治重症肌无力<br>术后腹胀尿潴留，小心胆碱能危象<br>毒扁豆碱毒性大，作用眼科降眼压<br>解磷定解N症状，百虫遇碱敌敌畏，乐果中毒碘无效</p>
<p>M样作用<br>扩张血管降血压，负性三连心动缓<br>兴奋膀胱逼尿肌，括约舒张胃肠蠕<br>缩瞳降压调痉挛，泪腺唾液汗泌增</p>
<p>N样作用<br>骨骼肌，神经节，N样受体有烟碱</p>
<p>毛果芸香碱（匹罗卡品）毛开头，所以是M受体激动剂，具有副交感样作用，一般用于滴眼。放松时，看近物比较多，比如刷手机，需要避免近处亮光刺激眼睛，因此瞳孔括约肌上的M受体激动时瞳孔会收缩，此时前房角会开大，有利于房水从内部的小梁网排出，降低眼内压，常用1%滴眼液来治疗青光眼。同时看近物需要更高的晶状体屈光度，所以会调节痉挛，睫状肌上的M受体激动、睫状肌收缩，悬韧带两端靠近而松弛，让晶状体回弹。由于所有腺体上都长M受体，所有毛果芸香碱不小心通过内眦的鼻泪管进入鼻腔、然后进入口腔时，会有大量鼻涕和唾液分泌，所以也能用来治疗口腔干燥，不过如果是治疗青光眼，则需要压迫内眦，避免此副作用。如果全身给药，肠道、支气管等内脏平滑肌上也长M受体，会促进胃肠蠕动引起痉挛、诱发哮喘，心肌上长M受体，会降低心率和血压，中枢神经长M受体，会激活和维持皮层觉醒。</p>
<p>阿毛是一对，所以阿托品是M受体拮抗剂，可以起到与毛果芸香碱相反的作用，交替使用可以瞳孔扩缩交替，让虹膜保持运动状态，避免虹膜与晶状体粘连。如果阿托品中毒，则用毛果芸香碱来解毒。</p>
<p>氯贝胆碱为M胆碱受体激动剂，对胃肠道和膀胱平滑肌的选择性较高，对心血管系统影响小，所以常用于术后腹气胀，胃张力缺乏症及胃潴留等的治疗。</p>
<p>新斯的明能抑制AChE，同时还具有直接激动骨骼肌上的N2受体的作用，因此主要用于治疗重症肌无力，同时也能用于治疗抑制N2受体的非去极化肌松药中毒和筒箭毒中毒。如果过量，则产生胆碱能危象，持续激活化学门控离子通道N2受体，肌束震颤，较长时间后，其他电压门控离子通道由于不能复极化而无法复活，当失活数量太多时，将产生肌麻痹，而呼吸肌麻痹后果严重。此外因为抑制AChE、激动M受体，胃肠道、支气管、膀胱、心脏、腺体、眼睛，所以可以治疗术后肠胀气、尿潴留、阵发性室上性心动过速、青光眼、解救阿托品中毒，同时机械性肠&#x2F;尿路梗阻、支气管哮喘禁用。季铵类化合物，脂溶性差，不易穿过血脑屏障。依酚氯胺常用于诊断。多奈哌齐常用于中枢阿尔兹海默症。</p>
<p>毒扁豆碱具有与新斯的明相似的可逆性抑制胆碱酯酶的作用，同时易于通过血脑屏障，对中枢神经系统，小剂量兴奋，大剂量抑制。因此毒性大，只外用来降低眼压。</p>
<p>有机磷酸酯类急性中毒，除了M样症状和N样症状外，还有中枢症状，早期兴奋中枢，表现为躁动不安、幻觉、谵妄、惊厥，后期抑制，头晕、乏力、嗜睡、昏迷，晚期呼吸循环衰竭，呼吸中枢和心血管中枢抑制</p>
<p>有机磷酸酯类治疗，首先清除尚未吸收的药物，生理盐水或小苏打洗胃、但是敌百虫（美曲膦酯）遇碱会水解成敌敌畏、对硫磷遇高锰酸钾会氧化成对氧磷，用肥皂水清洗皮肤，然后解毒，联用阿托品和解磷定，由于解磷定的半衰期非常短，需要重复给药，同时维持气道通畅、给氧、抗休克。注意事项 阿托品给药需要一直到阿托品化，瞳孔扩大、面色潮红、皮肤干燥、口干、心率加快；复活剂在碱性溶液中会水解成氰化物，不能与碱性药物并用，且对中毒超3d的老化AChE无效。</p>
<p>M样作用的扩血管主要来自激动血管内皮细胞上的M3受体，其释放NO，从而使周围平滑肌舒张，血压下降，此时会有短暂的反射性心率增加，之后作用于心肌M受体，负性三连。</p>
<h2 id="胆碱受体阻断药"><a href="#胆碱受体阻断药" class="headerlink" title="胆碱受体阻断药"></a>胆碱受体阻断药</h2><p>阿托品<br>莨菪碱类阿托品，抑制腺体平滑肌<br>瞳孔扩大眼压升，调节麻痹心率快<br>大量改善微循环，中枢兴奋须防范<br>作用广泛有利弊，应用注意心血管<br>临床用途有奇效，胃肠绞痛立即缓<br>抑制分泌麻醉前，虹膜睫状体发炎，散瞳配镜眼底检<br>防止虹晶粘，能治心动缓<br>感染休克解痉挛，有机磷中毒它首选<br>禁用前列青光眼，幽门梗阻也禁选<br>阿托中毒解救药，毒扁豆碱地西泮</p>
<p>莨菪碱类<br>莨菪碱类阿托品，阻断M–抗胆碱<br>尿不出去和便秘，老年痴呆青光眼<br>作用广泛有利弊，最好不用老年人<br>镇静显著东莨碱，能抗晕动是特点<br>帕金森病麻醉前，只是不用它点眼<br>感染休克山莨碱，内脏平滑肌绞痛</p>
<p>N受体<br>美卡拉明神经节，两类骨骼肌松弛<br>琥珀胆、肌束颤，没有神经节阻断<br>除极化、N结合，烧伤高钾心脏停<br>碱分解、勿硫喷，呼吸麻痹抗生素<br>筒箭毒碱正相反，缓慢持久组胺释</p>
<p>阿托品可以抑制腺体M受体，胃酸分泌影响不明显，汗腺、唾液腺支气管腺分泌减少，可以用来治疗流涎、盗汗和麻醉前给药防止支气管痰液阻塞。正在发热的患者使用会降低出汗散热的能力，导致高热。</p>
<p>阿托品散瞳，眼压升高，阻断睫状肌，调节麻痹，因此可以阿毛一起用于虹膜炎，但阿托品常用的还是眼底检查和验光配镜。散瞳和调节麻痹的效果可以持续一周，所以验光后会长时间视力模糊。解除迷走神经对心脏的抑制作用，可以正性三变。因此首选用于治疗各种缓慢性心律失常，如窦性心动过缓、房室传导阻滞。会用心悸的副作用、可能诱发心梗。低剂量会心率短暂性轻度减慢。</p>
<p>能解除内脏平滑肌痉挛状态，因此和阿片类（中枢止痛但会加剧外周平滑肌痉挛，阿托品解除痉挛）合用可以治疗胃肠道、膀胱、肾、胆的绞痛。禁用于便秘、肠胀气、尿潴留、前列腺肥大。</p>
<p>当大剂量使用阿托品时（与阻断M受体无关），也能解除血管平滑肌痉挛，扩张血管（直接和间接两种方式，间接的比如汗腺分泌减少后，散热需要通过皮肤血管扩张来代偿），改善微循环，增加重要脏器的血供，适用于感染性休克。休克时皮肤苍白湿冷、而阿托品可以使面色潮红、手脚温暖。也会使中枢先兴奋后抑制，先多言、谵妄、幻觉、惊厥，然后呼吸抑制。</p>
<ul>
<li>唯有阿托品，可解除迷走对心脏的抑制而治疗缓慢型心律失常</li>
<li>利多卡因、苯妥英钠，可用于治疗强心苷中毒时的快速型心律失常</li>
<li>普萘洛尔，首选用于窦性心动过速</li>
<li>奎尼丁，可将地高辛从组织中置换出来，升高其血药浓度而加重中毒</li>
</ul>
<p>东莨菪碱容易穿过血脑屏障，对中枢的作用强，有中枢抗胆碱作用和中枢镇静作用，可以抑制前庭神经，治疗帕金森和晕动病。对腺体的抑制作用比阿托品强，加上具有中枢镇静的效果，所以常用于麻醉前给药。容易出现中枢不良反应、谵妄、幻觉、欣快，进而导致滥用。对心血管、眼的作用弱。</p>
<p>山莨菪碱（6542）很难穿过血脑屏障，对眼、腺体、中枢作用弱，主要具有强大的血管平滑肌和内脏平滑肌的痉挛作用，主治感染性休克、内脏绞痛，补足血容量的前提下，可用于其他休克。有面色潮红、便秘、肠胀气、尿潴留的副作用。</p>
<p>阿托品的徒子徒孙（合成代用品）有合成扩瞳药，后马托品、托吡卡胺、环喷托酯、尤卡托品，较阿托品起效快，持续时间短，名字都带托，起效一点不托；合成解痉药，异丙托溴铵、溴丙胺太林（普鲁本辛）、贝那替嗪（胃复康）。另，各种西平，如派仑西平，可以选择阻断胃壁细胞上的M1受体，抑制胃酸分泌。</p>
<p><img src="https://img-cdn.limour.top/2022/10/07/633f8a22e5fac.jpg" srcset="https://jscdn.limour.top/gh/Limour-dev/Sakurairo_Vision/load_svg/inload.svg" lazyload></p>
<p>N1受体主要在神经节上，阻断剂有经典的美卡拉明，六甲双铵，速效短效的樟磺咪芬，既阻断交感，又阻断副交感。美卡拉明阻断交感，血压下降，麻醉时用来控制血压。阻断副交感，阻断M样症状，口干、视力模糊、便秘、肠胀气、尿潴留。</p>
<p>去打老虎，因此琥珀胆碱事去极化型肌松药，激动N2受体，持久去极化，使骨骼肌长期处于不应期状态。因此短暂肌束颤动后起效快，时间短，易于控制。静注用于短时操作，如气管插管、消化道镜检，静滴用于较长的手术。不能用新斯的明解救，因为琥珀年代久远，不新了。由于持续去极化，肌肉钾离子流出，血钾会升高。呼吸肌麻痹可能窒息、肌束震颤会疼、血钾升高抑制心脏。禁用于白内障、青光眼（眼外骨骼肌短暂收缩，升高眼压）、晶体摘除手术和血钾升高的烧伤、脑血管意外、恶性高热等。与氨基糖苷类抗生素或多黏菌素B合用，后者阻断神经肌肉接头，协同易致呼吸肌麻痹。</p>
<p>而捡裤子穿的筒箭毒碱阻断N2受体，竞争性抑制受体，使骨骼肌不能收缩。肌松作用慢而持久，先松弛眼部和头部的小肌肉，然后是颈部，到四肢、躯干，再面、舌、咽喉和咀嚼肌，最后是肋间肌、膈肌，另，对喉头、气管作用强。用于大手术的辅助麻醉。用新斯的明解救。此外，还具有促组胺释放和神经节阻滞的作用，诱发皮疹、支气管痉挛、血压下降。</p>

                
              </div>
            
            <hr/>
            <div>
              <div class="post-metas my-3">
  
    <div class="post-meta mr-3 d-flex align-items-center">
      <i class="iconfont icon-category"></i>
      

<span class="category-chains">
  
  
      <span class="category-chain">
        
  <a href="/categories/%E8%8D%AF%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6/" class="category-chain-item">药理学</a>
  
  
      </span>
    
  
</span>

    </div>
  
  
</div>


  <div class="license-box my-3">
    <div class="license-title">
      <div>药理一：传出神经系统药物之胆碱受体</div>
      <div>https://occdn.limour.top/2401.html</div>
    </div>
    <div class="license-meta">
      
        <div class="license-meta-item">
          <div>Author</div>
          <div>Limour</div>
        </div>
      
      
        <div class="license-meta-item license-meta-date">
          <div>Posted on</div>
          <div>October 7, 2022</div>
        </div>
      
      
        <div class="license-meta-item">
          <div>Licensed under</div>
          <div>
            
              
                <a class="print-no-link" target="_blank" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">
                  <span class="hint--top hint--rounded" aria-label="BY - Attribution">
                    <i class="iconfont icon-by"></i>
                  </span>
                </a>
              
                <a class="print-no-link" target="_blank" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">
                  <span class="hint--top hint--rounded" aria-label="NC - Non-commercial">
                    <i class="iconfont icon-nc"></i>
                  </span>
                </a>
              
                <a class="print-no-link" target="_blank" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">
                  <span class="hint--top hint--rounded" aria-label="SA - Share-alike">
                    <i class="iconfont icon-sa"></i>
                  </span>
                </a>
              
            
          </div>
        </div>
      
    </div>
    <div class="license-icon iconfont"></div>
  </div>


                <div class="post-prevnext my-3">
                  <article class="post-prev col-6">
                    
                    
                      <a href="/2408.html" title="药理二：传出神经系统药物之肾上腺受体">
                        <i class="iconfont icon-arrowleft"></i>
                        <span class="hidden-mobile">药理二：传出神经系统药物之肾上腺受体</span>
                        <span class="visible-mobile">Previous</span>
                      </a>
                    
                  </article>
                  <article class="post-next col-6">
                    
                    
                      <a href="/2404.html" title="使用Rclone搭配OneDrive迁移大量数据">
                        <span class="hidden-mobile">使用Rclone搭配OneDrive迁移大量数据</span>
                        <span class="visible-mobile">Next</span>
                        <i class="iconfont icon-arrowright"></i>
                      </a>
                    
                  </article>
                </div>
              
            </div>

            
    <article id="comments" lazyload>
      
  <div id="waline"></div>
  <script type="text/javascript">
    Fluid.utils.loadComments('#waline', function() {
      Fluid.utils.createCssLink('https://cdn.staticfile.org/waline/2.15.5/waline.min.css')
      Fluid.utils.createScript('https://cdn.staticfile.org/waline/2.15.5/waline.min.js', function() {
        var options = Object.assign(
          {"serverURL":"https://comments.limour.top","path":"window.location.pathname","meta":["nick","mail","link"],"requiredMeta":["nick"],"lang":"zh-CN","emoji":["https://jscdn.limour.top/gh/walinejs/emojis/weibo"],"dark":"html[data-user-color-scheme=\"dark\"]","wordLimit":0,"pageSize":10},
          {
            el: '#waline',
            path: window.location.pathname
          }
        )
        Waline.init(options);
        Fluid.utils.waitElementVisible('#waline .vcontent', () => {
          var imgSelector = '#waline .vcontent img:not(.vemoji)';
          Fluid.plugins.imageCaption(imgSelector);
          Fluid.plugins.fancyBox(imgSelector);
        })
      });
    });
  </script>
  <noscript>Please enable JavaScript to view the comments</noscript>


    </article>
  

          </article>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    <div class="side-col d-none d-lg-block col-lg-2">
      
  <aside class="sidebar" style="margin-left: -1rem">
    <div id="toc">
  <p class="toc-header">
    <i class="iconfont icon-list"></i>
    <span>Table of Contents</span>
  </p>
  <div class="toc-body" id="toc-body"></div>
</div>


  </aside>


    </div>
  </div>
</div>


      <a id="scroll-top-button" aria-label="TOP" href="#" role="button">
        <i class="iconfont icon-arrowup" aria-hidden="true"></i>
      </a>
    

      <div class="modal fade" id="modalSearch" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="ModalLabel"
     aria-hidden="true">
  <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-scrollable modal-lg" role="document">
    <div class="modal-content">
      <div class="modal-header text-center">
        <h4 class="modal-title w-100 font-weight-bold">Search</h4>
        <button type="button" id="local-search-close" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
          <span aria-hidden="true">&times;</span>
        </button>
      </div>
      <div class="modal-body mx-3">
        <div class="md-form mb-5">
          <input type="text" id="local-search-input" class="form-control validate">
          <label data-error="x" data-success="v" for="local-search-input">Keyword</label>
        </div>
        <div class="list-group" id="local-search-result"></div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

    
  </main>

  <footer>
    <div class="footer-inner">
  
    <div class="footer-content">
       <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" href="http://www.beian.gov.cn/portal/registerSystemInfo?recordcode=43130202000203"><img src="https://img.limour.top/2023/08/27/64eadeb81d6a0.webp" srcset="https://jscdn.limour.top/gh/Limour-dev/Sakurairo_Vision/load_svg/inload.svg" lazyload>湘公网安备 43130202000203号  </a> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" href="https://beian.miit.gov.cn/">湘ICP备20008299号 </a> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" href="https://icp.gov.moe/?keyword=20210128">萌ICP备20210128号</a> <br> <a href="https://www.foreverblog.cn/" target="_blank"> <img src="https://img.foreverblog.cn/logo_en_default.png" srcset="https://jscdn.limour.top/gh/Limour-dev/Sakurairo_Vision/load_svg/inload.svg" lazyload alt="" style="width:auto;height:24px"> </a> <br> <a href="https://hexo.io" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><span>Hexo</span></a> <i class="iconfont icon-love"></i> <a href="https://github.com/fluid-dev/hexo-theme-fluid" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><span>Fluid</span></a> <i class="iconfont icon-love"></i> <a href="https://github.com/limour-blog/archives-occdn" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><span>SRC</span></a> 
    </div>
  
  
</div>

  </footer>

  <!-- Scripts -->
  
  <script  src="https://jscdn.limour.top/npm/nprogress@0.2.0/nprogress.min.js" ></script>
  <link  rel="stylesheet" href="https://jscdn.limour.top/npm/nprogress@0.2.0/nprogress.min.css" />

  <script>
    NProgress.configure({"showSpinner":false,"trickleSpeed":100})
    NProgress.start()
    window.addEventListener('load', function() {
      NProgress.done();
    })
  </script>


<script  src="https://jscdn.limour.top/npm/jquery@3.6.4/dist/jquery.min.js" ></script>
<script  src="https://jscdn.limour.top/npm/bootstrap@4.6.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" ></script>
<script  src="/js/events.js" ></script>
<script  src="/js/plugins.js" ></script>


  <script  src="https://lib.baomitu.com/typed.js/2.0.12/typed.min.js" ></script>
  <script>
    (function (window, document) {
      var typing = Fluid.plugins.typing;
      var subtitle = document.getElementById('subtitle');
      if (!subtitle || !typing) {
        return;
      }
      var text = subtitle.getAttribute('data-typed-text');
      
        typing(text);
      
    })(window, document);
  </script>


    <script  src="/js/img-lazyload.js" ></script>
  

<script>
  Fluid.utils.createScript('https://jscdn.limour.top/npm/tocbot@4.20.1/dist/tocbot.min.js', function() {
    var toc = jQuery('#toc');
    if (toc.length === 0 || !window.tocbot) { return; }
    var boardCtn = jQuery('#board-ctn');
    var boardTop = boardCtn.offset().top;

    window.tocbot.init(Object.assign({
      tocSelector     : '#toc-body',
      contentSelector : '.markdown-body',
      linkClass       : 'tocbot-link',
      activeLinkClass : 'tocbot-active-link',
      listClass       : 'tocbot-list',
      isCollapsedClass: 'tocbot-is-collapsed',
      collapsibleClass: 'tocbot-is-collapsible',
      scrollSmooth    : true,
      includeTitleTags: true,
      headingsOffset  : -boardTop,
    }, CONFIG.toc));
    if (toc.find('.toc-list-item').length > 0) {
      toc.css('visibility', 'visible');
    }

    Fluid.events.registerRefreshCallback(function() {
      if ('tocbot' in window) {
        tocbot.refresh();
        var toc = jQuery('#toc');
        if (toc.length === 0 || !tocbot) {
          return;
        }
        if (toc.find('.toc-list-item').length > 0) {
          toc.css('visibility', 'visible');
        }
      }
    });
  });
</script>


  <script src=https://lib.baomitu.com/clipboard.js/2.0.11/clipboard.min.js></script>

  <script>Fluid.plugins.codeWidget();</script>


<script>
  Fluid.utils.createScript('https://jscdn.limour.top/npm/anchor-js@4.3.1/anchor.min.js', function() {
    window.anchors.options = {
      placement: CONFIG.anchorjs.placement,
      visible  : CONFIG.anchorjs.visible
    };
    if (CONFIG.anchorjs.icon) {
      window.anchors.options.icon = CONFIG.anchorjs.icon;
    }
    var el = (CONFIG.anchorjs.element || 'h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6').split(',');
    var res = [];
    for (var item of el) {
      res.push('.markdown-body > ' + item.trim());
    }
    if (CONFIG.anchorjs.placement === 'left') {
      window.anchors.options.class = 'anchorjs-link-left';
    }
    window.anchors.add(res.join(', '));

    Fluid.events.registerRefreshCallback(function() {
      if ('anchors' in window) {
        anchors.removeAll();
        var el = (CONFIG.anchorjs.element || 'h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6').split(',');
        var res = [];
        for (var item of el) {
          res.push('.markdown-body > ' + item.trim());
        }
        if (CONFIG.anchorjs.placement === 'left') {
          anchors.options.class = 'anchorjs-link-left';
        }
        anchors.add(res.join(', '));
      }
    });
  });
</script>


<script>
  Fluid.utils.createScript('https://lib.baomitu.com/fancybox/3.5.7/jquery.fancybox.min.js', function() {
    Fluid.plugins.fancyBox();
  });
</script>


  <script>Fluid.plugins.imageCaption();</script>

  <script  src="/js/local-search.js" ></script>


<!-- 主题的启动项，将它保持在最底部 -->
<!-- the boot of the theme, keep it at the bottom -->
<script  src="/js/boot.js" ></script>


  <noscript>
    <div class="noscript-warning">Blog works best with JavaScript enabled</div>
  </noscript>
<!-- hexo injector body_end start -->
  <script defer src="/theme-inject/timeliness.js"></script>
<!-- hexo injector body_end end --></body>
</html>